When women cover their hair, they are continuing a centuries-long tradition with a polarizing history of strife, style and sensation. Aside from the federal budget subsidy, the FSIN receives revenue generated by manufacturing plants operating in penal colonies. The most well-known example of this was the statement by Vladimir Putin in which he justified the Russian air raids on Grozny, which marked the beginning of the war in Chechnya in 1999, using words derived from criminal slang he said that he will waste the terrorists in the outhouse. In recent months one such event was witnessed in penal colony no. Most often, prisoner transport is organised in special windowless railroad carriages known as Stolypin cars, in which prisoners in groups of ten are transported in compartments measuring 3.4 m2. She would drape one of the silk covers over her perfectly coiffed hair to protect it against the dry winds of the Colorado . Why can Russia not admit that the real reason for invading Ukraine is to prevent revolution in Russia when a flourishing westernized modern democratic ukrainian government proves that Russian Putlerocracy is a complete failure? Most recent amendments to the penal code have toughened the penalties[4]. All this serves to create a parallel reality with an alternative hierarchy. and our Prisoners are given prison uniforms upon arrival to the prison; they may wear their own clothes instead, provided that the prisoner maintains the clothes themselves. A portion of Ukrainian political prisoners, including Oleg Sentsov, a film director sentenced in a show trial in Russia for 20 years in prison (according to the prosecutors he had planned to blow up the Lenin statue in Crimea), went on a hunger strike during the 2018 FIFA World Cup and demanded that all (more than 60) Ukrainian political prisoners should be released. (for example, people persecuted following the protests in Bolotnaya Square in Moscow in 2011 and 2012), as well as lawyers and journalists. Masih Alinejad, an Iranian journalist and activist, posted an image of Swedish Deputy Prime Minister Isabella Lovin signing a climate bill surrounded by female colleagues earlier this month next to one of several female Swedish government officials wearing headscarves and greeting Mr Rouhani. In 2013, Nazma Khan founded World Hijab Day -- a day for both Muslim and non-Muslim women to experience wearing a headscarf. I ask because I read of this practice a few weeks ago, is there a deeper or older meaning than protection from cold? Political lawsuits are frequently given priority in court schedules over 17 working days that followed the protests Navalny had organised in Moscow on 26 March 2018 the Tver District Court in Moscow alone heard 476 cases against the protesters. . Additionally, women were not allowed to enter a church without a headscarf. Jennifer Lopez famously wore a white bandana at the MTV Video Music Awards in 2000. In Russia, there are four types of penal colonies each with a different regime. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Why do old Russian women wear headscarves? This way of wearing a headscarf is considered traditional for women in the southern parts of Russia. In the first seven months of 2018 alone, the Russian press revealed 24 cases of torture in prisons, Administration of the prison system and supervision of the thousands of inmates is the task of the Federal Penitentiary Service (FSIN) which employs 325,000 individuals, The Federal Penitentiary Service is a powerful financial machine. They were already covering as more of a practical answer to the harsh climate and intense heat.". Moreover, neither the convicts nor their families know the trains destination. However, this inefficiency is not a problem for the government because in Russia the prison system is mainly a part of the machine used for exerting control over society and ensuring the stability of the system of power. The main designs are flower motifs and plant symbols, but often the scarves feature fishes and birds. African women have worn headscarves for many years for religious, cultural reasons and even as a fashion statement but they were traditionally worn by older, usually married women. At present, over 467,000 individuals are incarcerated in Russias prisons. The item became a fixture in high society, worn by Queen Elizabeth II of England, American First Lady Jacqueline Lee Kennedy Onassis and Princess Grace Kelly of Monaco, the last of whom once famously used her Herms scarf to fashionably sling her injured arm. When asked about the possible reform of the FSIN in connection with the reports on prisoners being tortured, he answered that it would be necessary to make the prison system more efficient but that no thorough changes are needed. Muslim women athletes and women's rights activists. i mean sometimes the old grandmothers want the younger women to wear scarves on their head? ?, Anews, 6 November 2018, https://www.anews.com/p/100385862-kto-takoj-vyacheslav-cepovyaz-kak-on-svyazan-s-bandoj-capka/, [30] . , -. Despite the decline in the number of prisoners, the number of FSIN employees has not decreased significantly since its establishment in 1998. A head tie is a west and southern African women's head scarf, specifically an elaborate ornamental head covering. "The law shows that there was a lot of anxiety around Black people styling their bodies. Hundreds of thousands of inmates are supervised by an elaborate apparatus of the Federal Penitentiary Service (FSIN). This code sets the rules of prison life, including the standards of addressing guards and fellow prisoners, the rules regarding tattoos, and other detailed requirements, such as the ban on using the colour red in prison. In Soviet times, a headscarf tied under the chin was actually part of the standard uniform for women working in factories and on collective farms since health and safety rules required that hair be covered. Former prominent politicians, such as Alexei Ulyukaev, former minister of economic development, are now incarcerated in penal colonies. As a consequence, due to tough competition in many locations it not easy to find employment in the prison system. In 2016, this stood at around 50 billion roubles, Around 2540% of prisoners perform paid work while serving their sentence, Human rights organisations point to the large number of politically-motivated criminal trials in Russia. Textile & Fabrics. Prisoners can be restricted from wearing their own clothes by the prison based on the prison order or occupational safety. The headscarf was born out of necessity, with wearers across Mesopotamian societies using linens to safeguard their heads from the rain and sun, as well as aid in sanitation. The Ossetian scarf is light in color and weights just 100-200 grams while offering excellent protection against the bright sun. Few accessories have lived as complicated a life as the headscarf. These women are confined to stereotypes to the extent that no one notices that many of them are well-educated and confident members of society and the workforce. Get the week's best stories straight to your inbox. However, some sources claim that its actual size is as much as double that of registered production[23]. Eleven of the 43 women's prisons in the Russian Federation allow inmates to have children under age three to live on the prison grounds, and women in the other prisons who become pregnant are . I think the original intention was maybe to not get your long hair burnt by candles' fire in the church - and the ortodox churches still require women to cover their hair when entering. Scarves and shawls embroidered in Torzhok have always been considered desirable presents. The price of this type of scarf starts out at around 20,000 rubles ($270). The women of the Dagestan village of Kubachi still wear white kaz shawls embroidered with gold thread. There are regions in the Republic of Mordovia, the Komi Republic and Chuvashia, where work performed by prisoners and individuals employed by the FSIN accounts for a major portion of the local labour market[7]. During the Russian Revolution and Civil War, a simple red or scarlet headscarf was worn by female commissars and other women who identified with . Due to the absence of a major overhaul of the prison service, whose institutions and code of conduct date back to the time of the Soviet Gulag, the prison system is an excellent example of pathologies that are also present in other elements of the Russian state apparatus. A prominent Iranian women's rights activist and Swedish politicians have criticised the decision. The reason behind the high number of prisoners in Russia is the repressive nature of the Russian judiciary as a whole. My Russian is still lacking in some areas. Female Orthodox believers in Russia don these garments when they attend church services to demonstrate their commitment to the Russian Orthodox faith. Why did the police at Moscow's Domodedovo Airport detain Chechen Idris Arsamikov? However, we soon . Celebrated on February 1, the initiative began in response to the bullying Khan, originally from Bangladesh, experienced growing up in the. Trade Minister Ann Linde led . Head Scarves 31"x31" (80x80cm) Head Scarves 27"x27" (70x70cm) Men Scarves. Despite several attempts to reform the prison system in Russia, they still resemble the Soviet Gulag: human rights violations and torture are common, the prison service is a machine that knows well how to hide pathologies and earn extra money (for example, by taking bribes and engaging in financial swindles). 1 in Yaroslav and the death of two prisoners in Chelabinsk in 2015[15]. Madame Denise Poiret, wife of French fashion Designer Paul Poiret. Aside from the federal budget subsidy, the FSIN receives revenue generated by manufacturing plants operating in penal colonies. The unique nature of the Russian prison system mainly results from the presence of an informal code of behaviours and customs observed in prisons. While an ordinary kaz scarf has a fringe sewn on at one end, the wedding scarf has fringes on both ends. . Administration of the prison system and supervision of the thousands of inmates is the task of the Federal Penitentiary Service (FSIN) which employs 325,000 individuals[19]. Skilled lacemakers seem to be able to make just about any design out of fine thread, from traditional flowers to fairy tale characters. "For a man ought not to cover his head, since he is the image and glory of God, but woman is the glory of man.". In 2006, the ban on headscarves in the civil . In total, there are 869 such colonies of various regimes scattered across Russia, eight prisons and 315 remand centres. This ranks Russia first in Europe when it comes to prison system spending in absolute numbers[21]. 2023 BBC. [21] . , . , . , , , 14 March 2017, https://www.rbc.ru/newspaper/2017/03/15/58c702399a79473b36f47d9c, [22] 50 , 18 October 2016, https://rns.online/economy/FSIN-otsenil-godovie-dohodi-ot-proizvodstva-v-tyurmah-v-50-mlrd-rublei--2016-10-18/. "It is ruinous to what is called a feminist foreign policy" said Liberal party chief Jan Bjorklund, who said Iran oppressed women through legislation. These days, a headpiece like this will go well with a pin-up and a sport-chic look while protecting the wearer's head from the bright sun outdoors. At the same time, it impacts the process of how shared norms and values are being formed in Russian society, in connection with societys frequent contact with the so-called prison culture. As far as the conditions of imprisonment are concerned, the time the suspect spends in the remand centre is often considered the harshest (a system was recently introduced according to which one day spent in a remand centre counts as one and a half days spent in the facility in which the prisoner serves their actual sentence[9]). Other factors include the closing of a significant number of penal colonies with the least strict regime (over the last eight years almost a quarter of the total number of such colonies were closed down), The reason behind the high number of prisoners in Russia is the repressive nature of the Russian judiciary as a whole. This is how the Orenburg goat looks like. "In Britain in particular, scarves were useful on two levels: promoting propaganda and moral messages, as well as helping women comply with the demands of working in a factory," said Deihl. They donned bobbed hairdos, participated in sports and fitness, and covered their hair while riding in new convertible automobiles, according to fashion historian Sarah C. Byrd. This way of wearing a headscarf is ideal for any hairstyle with braids. Sweden says it has the world's first "feminist government". He offered bribes to prison guards, which enabled him to use rooms intended for staff only, order caviar to his cell, made shashliks and used private health care, Most Russian penal colonies and prisons were built back in Stalinist times. "Because if you are feminists and you care about equality then you should challenge inequality everywhere," she told the BBC. Even then, she should cover her hair with a shawl or scarf. Swedish Prime Minister Stefan Lofven was also in Iran and said he raised human rights issues with Iranian President Hassan Rouhani. As far as the reasons for imprisonment are concerned, the largest group of prisoners are criminal prisoners, most of whom were convicted for murder (27.8% of inmates). Ukraines economy in wartime | OSW Centre for Eastern Studies, Russias war budget for 20232025 | OSW Centre for Eastern Studies, Putins article: On the historical unity of Russians and Ukrainians | OSW Centre for Eastern Studies. The salaries paid to prisoners are low because 75% of the money is used to fund the prisoners room and board in the penal colony. In winter, headscarves and shawls aso provided protection from both the cold and the wind. The openwork silk scarf worn by Ossetian women is called a tsyllaye kayelmayerzayen. The name of this Moscow prison has an . Most of these violations were incidents where physical coercion was used in rooms with no CCTV monitoring. In contemporary Russia, political trials are among the basic tools the government uses to tackle political opposition. These shawls weigh practically nothing but will keep you warm even in Siberian frosts. This places Russia first in Europe in terms of the number of prisoners per 100 000 inhabitants. They can be made in a variety of different materials such as wool, cashmere, linen or cotton. ?, https://meduza.io/feature/2018/12/14/vizhu-novosti-pro-istoricheskiy-minimum-zaklyuchennyh-v-rossii-eto-iz-za-zakona-den-za-poltora-kolonii-massovo-zakryvayut, [3] . , , www.kipkr.fsin.su/upload/territory/Kipkr/mtb/ .pdfa, [5] Cf . , . , . , , , 15 March 2017, https://www.rbc.ru/newspaper/2017/03/15/58c702399a79473b36f47d9c, [6] . Historians believe that this way of wearing headscarves came from Germany but became so Russified that is now considered to be traditionally Russian. The employees of. Headscarves first arrived in Russia from the east in the 17th century and quickly became very popular among young women, who had previously worn embroidered linen scarves over a small hat. Why Russians use a head scarf ? A similar proportion of prisoners are serving their sentences for drug dealing (25%), The Russian penitentiary system is organised in a different manner to corresponding penal systems in most countries: instead of cells in prisons the inmates are housed in barracks in penal colonies. She also mentions that a prisoner who was recognised as an authority was even granted consent to have a free-standing dacha built on the premises of the penal colony, surrounded by a garden, and to employ his private cook and gardener. "There's a reason why the (head)scarf has transcended time," said Lynn Roberts, vice president of advertising and public relations at fashion outfitter Echo Design Group, over the phone from New York City. The most prominent ones include Rus Sidyashchaya (Russia Behind Bars), the Committee for the Prevention of Torture, , OVD-Info and Memorial. Vologda is famous for its bobbin lace. These days, it is one of the most popular ways of wearing a headscarf with fur or sheepskin coats in the winter. "It is disgraceful for a wife to cut off her hair or shave her head, let her cover her head," reads 1 Corinthians 11:6-7 of the Bible. The advocates of the legislation claim that headscarves, or hijab, symbolize Islamic radicalism, patriarchy and lack of women's empowerment. Whereas Griner lived in a cell at her pre-trial detention center. If using any of Russia Beyond's content, partly or in full, always provide an active hyperlink to the original material. Performing work while serving ones sentence is one of the main criteria for an early release from prison. In Russia, there are four types of penal colonies each with a different regime. 4. It has been favored by revolutionaries and royalty alike. Figures compiled by the Investigative Committee for 2015 show that acquittals accounted for a mere 0.4% of court rulings. Essentially, they are silk scarves with printed patterns. How many people died and were injured in the Russian Revolution? In 2017, the FSINs budget was 257.6 billion roubles (around US$ 4.5 billion), which accounts for around 1.5% of Russias total budgetary spending (more than twice as much as Moldovas total budgetary spending). What science tells us about the afterlife. Silent film actress Anna May Wong was known for her taste in headscarves. Despite the fact that the prestige associated with working in the prison system is low and that the FSIN has a rather poor image in society (as opposed to special services such as the Federal Security Service), certain social groups and residents of certain regions view employment with the FSIN as a stable and desirable job. Human rights defenders claim that the health statistics are not credible because most cases of prisoners falling ill are not reported[13]. Aside from the federal budget subsidy, the FSIN receives revenue generated by manufacturing plants operating in penal colonies. In the 1960s, the headscarf became a go-to among political counterculture and experimental fashion movements, from geometric Mod styles to agragrian bohemian looks. In contemporary Russia, political trials are among the basic tools the government uses to tackle political opposition and an instrument used in rivalry among competing groups within the elite. Why do Russians use a head scarf? - , , 13 February 2017, https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3218170, [7] . , : , , 12 February 2014, http://www.finmarket.ru/life/txt.asp?id=3627907, [8] . , : 5 , https://pravoirk.ru/archives/5900. A headscarf on the woman's head symbolises diligence. The Russian governments determination as regards this issue is linked to the fact that show trials of Ukrainian activists are intended to deter the residents of Crimea from demonstrating their loyalty towards Ukraine. They came to Dagestan from Iran and Azerbaijan and are now recognized as part of this mountainous republic's cultural heritage. A similar proportion of prisoners are serving their sentences for drug dealing (25%)[5], which likely results from the fact that the proceedings regarding possession of drugs are straightforward and investigators use them as an easy means of demonstrating the activity and efficiency of the prosecution bodies. The dress code first began to be imposed in 2006. According to data compiled by the Memorial Human Rights Centre, in 2018 195 political and religious prisoners were incarcerated in Russian prisons[27]. The contractors mainly include institutions associated with the FSIN and a portion of the goods manufactured by prisoners are sold in the grey market outside the reach of official statistics. 6 near Omsk: a conflict involving 150 individuals resulted in clashes in which four individuals were injured and taken to hospital[18]. Most recent amendments to the penal code have toughened the penalties, This is why the fate of the accused is decided by prosecutors during their investigations. Machine knitting makes a scarf less refined. Many young women wear headscarves this way on top of a woolen hat for extra protection from the cold and the wind. This website uses cookies. In Soviet times, the local lace making factory made tablecloths and wraps depicting the Lenin Mausoleum and the hammer and sickle. This is how young women usually wear a headscarf to church without tying it too hard. Privacy Policy. They form a group that has its separate informal code of conduct (including a ban on disclosing the rules of prison life and details about the criminal world) and elects its own informal leader. However, due to the fact that the figures many countries quote regarding the number of their prisoners are often hard to verify, this ratio should be treated as an approximation. A plain red or scarlet headscarf was worn by female commissars and other women aligning themselves with Bolshevism in times of Russian Revolution and civil war. Amnesty International emphasises that repression and persecution of human rights defenders, restrictions on freedom of expression, cultural freedoms and minority rights are particularly common, Large-scale human rights violations in prisons and the absence of effective mechanisms in state institutions to counteract this phenomenon have become a catalyst for Russian societys self-organisation. In exchange for this, the penal colony supervisors offer them access to banned substances such as alcohol and drugs, as well as to mobile phones, and turn a blind eye to other violations of prison rules. Their operation (similarly to the operation of organisations of soldiers mothers who protested against the war in Chechnya and against bullying in the military) confirms the theory that Russian society is able to demonstrate its capability for self-organisation, when facing a threat. In the past, Turkish silk scarves and European lace shawls were especially desirable presents for both young girls and older women. Russian headscarves are usually made from natural fabrics supplemented with wool or silk and are painted with intricate patterns. Shawls from goat down knitted in Orenburg are . Prior to the court pronouncing their sentence, the suspects are held in remand centres. The inspections the FSIN ordered when the scandal over the torture of Makarov broke out, showed 168 recent violations involving FSIN officials using force and special measures against prisoners[16]. (Please note: I am not worn in public that it can therefore function as a sign of respect in the church building. Orenburg down-hair shawl. The first reason is as a way of showing respect for the sanctity of the building into which they are entering. During his annual press conference on 20 December 2018, President Putin confirmed that there are no plans to reform the prison system. Women used to wear headscarves differently in different parts of Russia.